Instantly convert millimeters (mm) to inches (in) with our free, interactive calculator. See results as decimals or fractions and use our quick conversion chart.

Generate fancy text fonts for social media (Instagram, Twitter) and convert CSS typography units (px, pt, em, rem, %) with our all-in-one typography converter.

Convert energy between British thermal units (BTU) and joules (J) for heating and cooling calculations.

Convert pressure between pascals (Pa) and bar (Pa to bar and bar to Pa) for engineering applications.

Instantly convert cubic meters to liters and liters to cubic meters. 1 cubic meter = 1000 liters. Includes formula, examples, and FAQ for volume unit conversions.

Instantly convert kilograms (kg) to pounds (lbs) and ounces (oz) with our free, bidirectional calculator. Includes formulas, mental math tricks, and a conversion chart.

Convert tons to pounds instantly. Supports metric tonnes (t) to pounds, US short tons (2000 lb) to pounds, and UK long tons (2240 lb) to pounds. Includes formulas, examples, and FAQ.

Convert pints to liters instantly. Supports both US liquid pint (473.176 mL) and UK imperial pint (568.261 mL). Includes formula, examples, and conversion table.

Convert energy between kilowatt-hours (kWh) and megajoules (MJ).

Convert dBm to Watts easily with our interactive calculator. Ideal for engineers and technicians looking to quickly convert power levels.

Instantly convert centimeters (cm) to inches (in) and feet (ft). Our free calculator shows results in decimals, fractions, and feet + inches for height.

Compute the volume of a regular tetrahedron from its edge length, or any tetrahedron from base area & height or 3D coordinates of its vertices. Includes formulas, step-by-step explanation and geometric properties.

Instantly convert pounds (lbs) and ounces (oz) to kilograms (kg) with our free, bidirectional calculator. Includes formulas, mental math tricks, and a conversion chart.

Convert force (N, kN, kgf, lbf) and torque (N·m, N·mm, kgf·m, kgf·cm, lbf·ft, lbf·in). Choose Force or Torque, pick units, and get instant engineering-accurate results with formulas and examples.

Instantly convert BTU to kWh. Learn the difference between BTU (energy) and BTU/hr (power), and calculate the daily energy use and cost of your air conditioner.

Calculate the area, perimeter, angles, and height of any trapezoid (trapezium). Our tool handles all types: generic, isosceles, and right trapezoids.

Free online probability calculator. Compute probabilities of single events, combined independent events (AND, OR, exactly one) and binomial probabilities, with clear step-by-step explanations.

Convert ancient biblical units into modern units: cubit, span, handbreadth, ephah, homer, hin, omer, log, talent, mina, shekel, gerah. Includes modern equivalents (m, L, g) and notes on measurement ranges.

Free long division calculator with full step-by-step working. Divide positive integers, see the quotient, remainder and each step of the long division algorithm explained clearly.

Interactive graph degree calculator. Paste an edge list to compute vertex degrees, degree sequence, isolated and pendant vertices, and check the handshake lemma for undirected or directed graphs.

Free ratio calculator: simplify a:b, compute equivalent ratios, solve proportions a:b = c:d, and scale amounts to a new total. Step-by-step explanation of ratios, fractions and percentages.

Convert joules to calories and calories to joules instantly. Supports J, kJ, small calories (cal) and food calories (kcal). Uses 1 cal = 4.184 J. Includes formula, explanation and FAQ.

Free speed converter. Instantly convert between miles per hour (mph), kilometers per hour (km/h), meters per second (m/s), knots, and feet per second (ft/s). Includes formulas, examples, and FAQ.

International size mapping for shoes, shirts, dresses, and bras.

Convert wind speed to the Beaufort scale and back. Enter knots, km/h, m/s or mph and get the Beaufort force, description and sea/land effects. Includes full Beaufort table (0–12) and formulas.

Convert gauss to tesla and tesla to gauss instantly. 1 gauss = 1×10⁻⁴ tesla, 1 tesla = 10,000 gauss. Includes milli-tesla (mT), formulas, examples, and magnetic field notes.

Root calculator for square roots, cube roots, and general nth roots. Enter any real number and index, check domain conditions, and see simplified radical form plus decimal approximation.

Advanced Search Categories Advanced Search Categories Skip to main content Home » Math & Conversions » Measurement Unit Conversions Audit: Complete Formula (LaTeX) + variables + units This section shows the formulas used by the calculator engine, plus variable definitions and units. Unit conversion \[y = x\cdot k\] y = x * k Variables and units No variables provided in audit spec. Sources (authoritative): NIST — Weights and measures — nist.gov · Accessed 2026-01-19 https://www.nist.gov/pml/weights-and-measures NIST — SI units — nist.gov · Accessed 2026-01-19 https://www.nist.gov/pml/owm/metric-si/si-units Changelog Version: 0.1.0-draft Last code update: 2026-01-19 0.1.0-draft · 2026-01-19 Initial audit spec draft generated from HTML extraction (review required). Verify formulas match the calculator engine and convert any text-only formulas to LaTeX. Confirm sources are authoritative and relevant to the calculator methodology. Verified by Ugo Candido on 2026-01-19 Profile · LinkedIn CalcDomain Your trusted source for free online calculators. Accurate, fast, and reliable calculations for every need.

24h↔12h time, hh:mm↔decimal hours.

Convert millibar (mbar) to psi instantly. Enter the pressure, choose units (mbar, bar, Pa, kPa, MPa, psi, atm, torr) and get an accurate conversion. Includes formula, examples, and atmospheric reference values.

Interactive number theory toolbox: prime checker, integer factorization, divisors, Euler’s totient, Möbius function, GCD/LCM, Bézout coefficients and modular arithmetic (reduction & inverses).

Interactive graphing calculator for plotting up to three functions of x. Set custom x/y ranges, zoom and pan, and visualize curves for algebra, trigonometry and calculus.

Instantly convert degrees to radians (in decimals or in terms of Pi) and vice versa. See the step-by-step formula and simplification for your conversion.

Cross-correlation calculator for two time series. Paste your data, compute correlation by lag, find the maximum correlation and its lag, and get the zero-lag Pearson correlation coefficient.

Calculate the volume of a regular dodecahedron from its edge length or volume. Includes exact formula, step-by-step example, and unit conversion for m, cm, mm, in, ft, and yd.

Convert between PSI and kilopascals (kPa) with this precise pressure unit converter. Ideal for tires, hydraulics, pneumatics and industrial applications.

Convert pressure between pascal (Pa), kilopascal (kPa), bar, millibar (mbar), psi, standard atmosphere (atm), torr/mmHg and more. Fast, accurate online pressure unit converter with formulas and examples.

Watts, horsepower, BTU/h, dBm, VA, and lumens relationships.

Instantly convert cups to tablespoons (tbsp) and teaspoons (tsp) with our 3-way cooking calculator. Includes a quick conversion chart for baking (1/4 cup, 1/3 cup, 1/2 cup).

Central limit theorem calculator for the sampling distribution of the mean. Compute probabilities for sample means, margin of error, and required sample size with step-by-step CLT explanations.

Slope calculator for lines: compute slope from two points, rise and run, angle, or percent grade. Get line slope, angle in degrees, and grade with step-by-step formulas.

Convert magnetic units in one place: magnetic flux density (tesla, gauss), magnetic field strength (A/m, oersted), magnetic flux (weber, maxwell) and more. Includes formulas, reference table, and CGS ⇄ SI notes.

Pyramid volume calculator: compute the volume of a pyramid from base length and width, square base side, or base area and height. Supports metric and imperial units with formulas and step-by-step explanation.

Free statistics calculator that computes mean, median, mode, variance, standard deviation, range and more from a list of numbers. Supports sample and population statistics, with formulas and step-by-step explanation.

Convert area units instantly: acres, hectares, square feet, square meters, square yards, square kilometers, square miles, ares and more. Fast online area converter with formulas and examples.

Convert points (pt) to pixels (px) and pixels to points. Uses the standard 96 DPI screen value and lets you set a custom DPI. Includes formula, examples, and common point-to-pixel sizes for web and print.

Hyperbolic functions calculator: compute sinh, cosh, tanh, coth, sech, csch for real x in radians or degrees. Includes exponential definitions, identities, and step-by-step explanation.

Convert leagues to miles and kilometers instantly. Supports English land league (3 miles), nautical league (3 nautical miles), French league and custom values. Includes historical notes, formulas and reference table.

Convert speed from miles per hour (mph) to Mach in standard atmosphere. Choose altitude or enter a custom speed of sound. See formulas and typical Mach values for aviation.

Instantly convert micrograms (mcg or µg) to milligrams (mg) and back. 1 mg = 1000 mcg. Includes formula, medical/pharmacy notes, and common dosage examples.

Convert fluid ounces (fl oz) to milliliters (ml) in one click. Supports US fl oz (29.5735 ml) and UK/Imperial fl oz (28.4131 ml), plus reverse ml to fl oz. Includes cooking notes and reference table.

Convert miles per hour (mph) to kilometers per hour (km/h) instantly. Precise factor 1 mph = 1.60934 km/h. Includes reverse kph to mph, decimal control, and common road-speed presets.

Convert Torr to Pascals easily with our interactive calculator. Accurate and reliable, designed for engineers, scientists, and students.

Instantly convert barrels to gallons (US & UK). Our tool clarifies the difference and converts for Oil barrels (bbl), liquid barrels, beer barrels, and dry barrels.

Square calculator for algebra and geometry. Compute x² and √x, plus area, perimeter, diagonal and side of a square from any known value. Includes formulas, diagrams and step-by-step explanation.

Percent error calculator to compare experimental vs true values. Compute percent error, absolute and relative error, or solve for experimental and true values.

Convert energy and heat units instantly: joules, kilojoules, calories, kilocalories, BTU, watt-hour, kilowatt-hour, and therm. Includes formulas, reference table, and explanations for engineering and HVAC.

Algebra calculator to solve linear equations, quadratic equations, and 2×2 systems of equations, and to evaluate polynomials step-by-step. Ideal for students and professionals.

Complex number calculator to add, subtract, multiply and divide complex numbers, compute magnitude, argument and conjugate, and convert between rectangular and polar form.

Instantly convert meters (m) to nanometers (nm) and micrometers (µm). Our 3-way scientific converter also shows results in scientific notation.

Kitchen-friendly volume conversions for recipes.

Instantly convert tablespoons (tbsp) to teaspoons (tsp), cups, and fluid ounces (fl oz) with our 4-way kitchen conversion calculator. Includes a quick conversion chart.

The Universal Triangle Solver. Input any 3 parameters (sides or angles) to find the remaining sides, angles, area, perimeter, and the type of triangle (e.g., Right, Isosceles).

Ellipsoid volume calculator using V = 4/3 · π · a · b · c. Compute volume from semi-axes or diameters, or solve for an axis given the volume, with unit-aware results.

Parallelogram area calculator using base and height, sides and included angle, or vertex coordinates. Includes inverse mode to solve for base or height, formula explanations, and step-by-step workings.

Instantly convert meters (m) to nanometers (nm) and micrometers (µm). Our 3-way scientific converter also shows results in scientific notation.

Significant figures calculator to count sig figs, round to N significant figures, and apply sig fig rules in multiplication, division, addition and subtraction. Includes detailed rules, examples, and step-by-step explanations.

Convert slugs to kilograms and kilograms to slugs instantly. Uses the standard definition 1 slug = 14.593902937 kg. Includes formula, examples, and context for engineering and imperial-to-SI conversions.

Degrees↔radians, DMS↔decimal degrees.

A/B test significance calculator for conversion experiments. Enter visitors and conversions for variants A and B to get z-score, p-value, uplift and a 95% confidence interval, with clear interpretation and statistical caveats.

Convert kilometers per hour (kph or km/h) to miles per hour (mph) instantly. Uses exact factor 1 km/h = 0.621371 mph. Includes reverse mph to kph, presets, and formula explanation.

Convert pressure between pascals (Pa) and pounds per square inch (PSI) for engineering and fluid power.

Find the mode, mean, median, and range of any set of numbers. Our calculator provides a step-by-step solution showing how each value is calculated.

Instantly convert Pascals (Pa) to PSI (Pounds per Square Inch). Our advanced 4-way tool also converts kPa, MPa, and PSI in one place.

Compute the covariance matrix and correlation matrix from raw multivariate data. Supports sample and population covariance, summary statistics and PCA-ready outputs for statistics, data science and finance.

Convert PSI to Pascals (Pa) and back from Pa to PSI with professional precision. Use the bidirectional pressure converter, see the formula, examples, and a ready-made psi→Pa conversion table.

Compute the QR decomposition of a real matrix using Gram–Schmidt orthogonalization. Get orthonormal Q, upper triangular R, and diagnostic checks A ≈ QR and QᵀQ ≈ I for linear algebra, least squares and numerical methods.

Convert miles per hour (mph) to feet per second (ft/s) instantly. Uses exact factor 1 mph = 1.46667 ft/s. Includes reverse ft/s to mph, presets, formulas, and quick reference table.

Compute the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) of a real time-domain signal. Get complex FFT coefficients, magnitude and phase spectra, and frequency bins from your sampling rate for signal processing, vibration, and audio analysis.

Convert between metric and imperial units for length, area, volume, mass, speed, and temperature. Smart category selector, exact factors, and examples for students, engineers, and everyday use.

Instant volume converter. Convert between liters, US gallons, UK gallons, cubic meters, cubic feet, milliliters, and cubic inches. Includes formulas, quick presets, and FAQ.

Convert CFM (cubic feet per minute) to L/s (liters per second) and back to CFM with engineering precision. Includes formulas, example, HVAC notes, and a ready-made CFM → L/s table.

Convert troy ounces (ozt) to grams (g) and grams to troy ounces with precision for gold, silver, platinum and bullion. Includes formula, example and troy-weight notes.

Calculate the volume of a rectangular prism (cuboid) with our precise, accessible online tool. Perfect for students, educators, and professionals in geometry.

Analyze Boolean algebra expressions: parse logic formulas, detect variables, generate full truth tables, evaluate for custom assignments, and derive canonical sum-of-products and product-of-sums forms for digital logic design.

Convert AWG (American Wire Gauge) to diameter in millimetres (mm) and cross-sectional area (mm²). Includes bidirectional mm → AWG, engineering formulas, and a full AWG size table for electricians and designers.

Convert luggage weight between kilograms, pounds, grams and ounces. See ready-made travel benchmarks (carry-on 8 kg, checked 23 kg, 32 kg heavy), and avoid overweight fees before reaching the airport.

Work with quaternions for 3D rotations and algebra: add, subtract, multiply, normalize, invert, build rotation quaternions from axis–angle, and rotate 3D vectors with an interactive 3D visualization. Ideal for graphics, robotics and game development.

Linear transformation calculator with 2×2 and 3×3 matrices. Map vectors with A·v, compute determinant and trace, classify the effect, and see an interactive 2D visualisation of how a matrix transforms the plane.

Convert polar coordinates to Cartesian (x, y) quickly and accurately. Supports degrees and radians, shows formulas, and handles negative angles. Ideal for math, engineering, graphics and signal processing.

Euler

Permutation and combination calculator. Compute nPr and nCr, with and without repetition, see the exact count, factorial formula breakdown, and plain-language interpretation. Ideal for probability, statistics, and exam preparation.

Remainder calculator for integer division. Enter dividend and divisor to get quotient and remainder, check a = b·q + r, and compare Euclidean remainder with programming-style remainder for negative numbers.

Convert bushels to liters in one click. Supports US (dry) bushel and UK/Imperial bushel, plus reverse liters to bushels. Includes formulas, examples, and a handy conversion table for agriculture and grain trade.

Instantly convert Fahrenheit (°F) to Kelvin (K) and Celsius (°C) with our all-in-one temperature converter. See the step-by-step formulas used for the calculation.

Convert poise (P) to pascal-second (Pa·s) and centipoise (cP). Fast dynamic viscosity converter with formulas, examples and reference table for fluids and rheology.

Basic arithmetic calculator for adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing numbers. Supports whole numbers, decimals, negative values, and full expressions with order of operations, plus step-by-step explanations.

Convert color codes between HEX, RGB, HSL and CMYK in real time. Pick a color, view previews, copy values, and check contrast against white and black. Perfect for designers, front-end developers and printers.

Convert radioactivity from curies (Ci) to becquerels (Bq) and back. Supports mCi, µCi, kBq, MBq, GBq. Includes formula, examples, and reference table for nuclear medicine and radiation protection.

Instantly convert ounces (oz) to grams (g) for cooking and science. Our bidirectional tool also converts fluid ounces (fl oz) to milliliters (ml).

Instantly convert feet (ft) and inches (in) to meters (m) and centimeters (cm) with our bidirectional height and length converter. Includes formula and charts.

Kite area calculator that finds the area of a kite from its diagonals or from side lengths and included angle. Includes formulas, step-by-step examples, and geometry notes for students and engineers.

Convert light-years to miles instantly. 1 light-year ≈ 5.878625 × 10¹² miles. Includes reverse miles to light-years, formula, examples, and an astronomical distance table.

Convert meters per second (m/s) to miles per hour (mph) instantly. Uses exact factor 1 m/s = 2.23694 mph. Includes reverse mph to m/s, decimal control, and quick speed reference.

Standard form calculator that converts numbers to and from scientific notation a × 10ⁿ. Handles large and small numbers, significant figures, and gives step-by-step explanations and examples.

A 2-in-1 tool. Calculate the Fibonacci sequence (nth number, list) and the Golden Ratio, or calculate Fibonacci retracement and extension levels for finance.

Use this kW to HP converter to quickly convert kilowatts to horsepower and back. Includes formulas, examples and engineering-grade reference values.

Convert pressure between standard atmospheres (atm) and kilopascals (kPa).

Convert grams to cups for specific ingredients like flour, sugar, butter, rice, cocoa, honey and more. Bidirectional cups to grams tool, plus conversion table and formulas for baking.

Calculate the volume of a frustum of a cone with ease using our interactive online calculator. Perfect for students, engineers, and geometry enthusiasts.

Convert between bandwidth and data rate units: bps, kbps, Mbps, Gbps, B/s, KB/s, MB/s, GB/s. Includes file transfer time calculator, formulas, and FAQ about bandwidth vs data rate.

Instantly convert kilometers (km) to miles (mi) and kph to mph. Our bidirectional tool is perfect for distance and speed, with mental math tricks and charts.

Convert torque from newton-meters (N·m) to foot-pounds force (ft·lb) and back. Includes inch-pounds, kN·m, formulas, example conversions and quick reference table.

Convert rare, historical and specialized units: cubits, Roman feet, leagues, stones, tolas, troy ounces, gills, hogsheads, barrels, typographic points, picas and more. Includes explanations and reference tables.

Cohen’s d calculator for effect size between two means. Supports independent samples, one-sample and paired designs, with pooled SD, Hedges’ g, interpretation (small, medium, large), and step-by-step working.

Convert barrels per day (bpd) to gallons per minute (gpm) with our precise, professional-grade online tool.

Convert barns to square meters instantly. 1 barn = 1 × 10⁻²⁸ m². Includes millibarns, microbarns, femtobarns and reverse conversion m² to barns, plus nuclear/particle-physics context.

G-test (likelihood-ratio) calculator for categorical data. Compute G statistic, degrees of freedom and p-value for goodness-of-fit and contingency tables, with step-by-step explanation and assumptions.

FOIL method calculator to expand binomials (ax + b)(cx + d) and factor quadratics ax² + bx + c. Step-by-step First–Outer–Inner–Last working, simplified result, and algebra explanations.

Convert nanometers to angstroms effortlessly with our precise and accessible calculator. Perfect for scientists and students working with atomic-scale measurements.

Calculate the area, perimeter, and internal angles of any regular pentagon. Solve by entering the side length, apothem, or circumradius.

Instantly convert kilowatt-hours (kWh) to BTU (energy) AND kilowatts (kW) to BTU/hr (power). Our dual scientific calculator clarifies the difference.

Free coordinate calculator. Calculate distance, midpoint, slope between points. Convert Cartesian ↔ Polar coordinates. Geographic distance calculator with Haversine formula.

Interactive adjacency matrix calculator for graphs. Build adjacency matrices from edge lists, switch between directed/undirected and weighted/unweighted graphs, compute degrees, edges, density and adjacency lists with step-by-step explanations.

Speed, distance, time calculator with unit conversion. Solve for speed, distance or time using S = D/T, convert between km/h, m/s, mph and knots, and compute average speed for multi-leg trips.

Convert inches of mercury (inHg) to pounds per square inch (psi). Supports 0°C/32°F and 60°F reference conditions. Includes reverse psi to inHg, formulas, and conversion table.

Convert ems to pixels and pixels to ems with a customizable base font size. Includes presets (16px, 14px, 18px), formula, and quick reference table for common CSS values.

Friedman test calculator for repeated-measures designs. Enter raw data or rank sums, get Friedman chi-square, p-value, Kendall’s W effect size, and a clear step-by-step explanation.

Interactive Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) calculator. Enter city coordinates or a distance matrix, run an exact Held–Karp solver for small instances or a nearest-neighbor + 2-opt heuristic for larger ones, and visualize the optimal tour and total distance.

Convert speed units instantly: kilometers per hour (km/h), miles per hour (mph), meters per second (m/s), knots, feet per second (ft/s), Mach and more. Includes formulas, common values and FAQ.

Convert rem to sieverts (Sv) and back. Includes millirem (mrem), millisieverts (mSv), microsieverts (µSv). 1 rem = 0.01 Sv = 10 mSv = 10,000 µSv. Use for radiation protection, dosimetry, and medical physics.

Convert between mass and weight units: kilograms, grams, pounds, ounces, stones, tonnes, and newtons. Explains the difference between mass and weight and shows the physics formula W = m × g.

Convert pounds (lb) to grams (g) instantly using the exact factor 1 lb = 453.59237 g. Includes reverse grams to pounds, decimals, cooking-friendly presets, and a quick reference table.

Generate a stem and leaf plot in seconds. Paste your data, choose integer or 1-decimal mode, optionally split stems (0–4 / 5–9), and get an ordered stem-and-leaf display with summary statistics.

Interactive bisection method calculator. Enter f(x), an interval [a, b], tolerance, and max iterations. Check the sign-change condition, see the iteration table, and understand how the bisection method converges to a root of f(x) = 0.

Convert MB to GB instantly. Supports decimal (1 GB = 1000 MB) and binary (1 GiB = 1024 MiB). See also MB to GiB, MiB to GB, and a full conversion table.

Convert stones to pounds easily with our accurate and accessible calculator.

Run Monte Carlo simulations directly in your browser. Choose a distribution (normal, uniform, triangular, custom discrete), set number of runs, and estimate mean, percentiles, and probability of exceeding a threshold.

Lottery odds calculator for single-drum and bonus-ball lotteries. Enter game parameters and get exact odds for matching 0 to all numbers, jackpot probability, and “1 in X” chances.

Dot product calculator for 2D, 3D and n-dimensional vectors. Compute scalar product, vector lengths, angle between vectors, and projection, with step-by-step expansion.

Professional cooking conversion calculator to convert cups, tablespoons, teaspoons, milliliters, ounces, grams, pounds and even ingredient-specific conversions for flour, sugar, butter and more. Fast, accurate, kitchen-ready.

Matrix determinant calculator for 2×2, 3×3 and general n×n matrices. Enter values, compute det(A), see row-operation steps, and check if a matrix is singular or invertible.

Partial fraction decomposition calculator for rational functions. Enter a numerator polynomial and a factored denominator, perform long division if needed, and get the exact partial fraction form with step-by-step working.

Trapezoid area calculator with multiple methods. Compute area from bases and height, isosceles trapezoid sides, or coordinates of vertices. Get perimeter, midsegment, height and step-by-step formulas.

Combination and permutation calculator that computes nCr and nPr with and without repetition. Enter n and r to get exact values, step-by-step formulas, and explanations.

Torus volume calculator for donut-shaped solids. Compute volume from major/minor radii or inner/outer radius, with 2π²Rr² formula, unit conversions, examples, and FAQ.

Calculate the golden ratio with precision using our interactive calculator. Perfect for designers, architects, and mathematicians.

Matrix transpose calculator that computes Aᵀ for any m×n matrix. Supports custom size, random fill, copying result back, and LaTeX output with step-by-step explanation of the transpose operation.

Surface area calculator for common 3D shapes: box, cube, sphere, cylinder, cone, triangular prism. Enter dimensions in mm, cm, m, inches, or feet and get total surface area with formulas and step-by-step explanation.

Modular exponentiation calculator for a^b mod m using fast binary exponentiation. Handles very large integers with BigInt, shows step-by-step square-and-multiply for smaller exponents, and explains modular arithmetic for cryptography and number theory.

Right triangle calculator that solves sides, angles, area and perimeter. Enter any two of a, b, c, α, β and get a complete solution using Pythagorean theorem and trigonometry, with clear formulas and explanations.

Binary converter and tutorial on the binary number system. Convert between binary, decimal, hexadecimal and octal, plus text ⇄ binary (ASCII/UTF-8) with clean examples and explanations.

Find the formula, next terms, and sum of a number sequence. Our calculator automatically detects arithmetic, geometric, and quadratic sequences.

Universal unit converter. Convert instantly between length, area, volume, speed, mass/weight, and temperature. Choose category, pick From and To units, see the formula and get the result.

Calculate the area, perimeter, side, diagonals, and angles of a rhombus from any two known values. Includes formulas and a step-by-step example.

Logarithm calculator that computes log, ln, and log10 in any base, with change-of-base steps, domain checks, and inverse b^x values. Ideal for algebra, calculus, and engineering.

Inverse hyperbolic functions calculator for asinh, acosh, atanh, asech, acsch, and acoth with domain checks, exact ln formulas, and step-by-step working for calculus and engineering.

Polynomial calculator that lets you define polynomials up to 6th degree, evaluate f(x), compute derivatives, and approximate real roots with domain checks and step-by-step working.

Circular sector area calculator: compute area from radius and angle (degrees or radians), plus arc length and perimeter, or solve for radius or angle from area with clear formulas.

2×2 game theory matrix calculator: enter payoffs for two players, find pure-strategy Nash equilibria, dominant strategies, and mixed-strategy equilibrium with step-by-step explanation.

Set operations calculator: enter finite sets (A, B, and an optional universal set U) and compute union, intersection, difference, symmetric difference, complements, cardinalities, and probability-style ratios with clear notation.

Use this arithmetic sequence calculator to find the nth term, common difference, and sum of a sequence. Supports step-by-step formulas, examples, and sequence preview.

Calculate the square root or any nth root of a number. Our tool provides a decimal result and shows the step-by-step simplification of the radical.

Modular arithmetic calculator: compute a mod n, modular addition, subtraction, multiplication, and exponentiation. Handles negative numbers, shows working steps, and explains congruences.

Free equation solver that handles linear, quadratic and polynomial equations, plus 2×2 and 3×3 systems. Step-by-step solutions and a numeric solver for f(x)=0.

Free circular segment area calculator. Compute the area of a circular segment from radius and height, radius and angle, or radius and chord. Shows formulas, diagrams explanation, and step-by-step results.

Interactive trig identity explorer and cheat sheet. Browse core trigonometric identities and numerically verify your own identities with a trig identity checker.

Calculate all properties of an isosceles triangle (sides, angles, area, height) from any two known values. Includes formulas and a step-by-step example.

Interactive hyperbolic function calculator and visual guide. Evaluate sinh, cosh, tanh and their inverses, see definitions in terms of exponentials, key identities, and a quick reference table.

Interactive linear algebra toolbox. Enter a 2×2, 3×3, or 4×4 matrix to compute determinant, rank, trace, inverse (if it exists), and solve Ax = b. Includes a concise linear algebra guide and FAQ.

Convert Joules to kilowatt-hours (kWh) and back with this precise energy unit converter. Includes formulas, worked examples and typical engineering use cases.

Trapezoidal rule calculator for numerical integration. Approximate definite integrals from a function f(x) or from data points, see step size, composite formula, grid table, and interpretation.

Perfect number calculator that checks if a positive integer is perfect, abundant, or deficient. Lists proper divisors, divisor sum, and shows known perfect numbers and their properties.

Chinese remainder theorem calculator. Solve systems of congruences x ≡ ai (mod mi), detect incompatibilities, and see step-by-step CRT construction and modulus.

Explore set theory with an interactive calculator for union, intersection, difference and Cartesian products. Learn notation, laws, examples and applications in math and computer science.

Free base converter to convert numbers between any base from 2 to 36. Supports binary, octal, decimal, hexadecimal and custom bases, with step-by-step explanation of number base conversion.

Convert inequalities and endpoints to interval notation, visualize intervals on a number line, and learn open, closed, and infinite intervals step by step.

Free Pythagorean theorem calculator. Find the hypotenuse or a leg of a right triangle, see step-by-step work, formulas, area and perimeter, plus real-world examples.

Factor any quadratic polynomial (Ax² + Bx + C) instantly. Our calculator also finds all factors and prime factors of any integer, showing step-by-step solutions for algebra.

Interactive convolution calculator. Compute discrete convolution of two sequences, see step-by-step sums, and learn the intuition behind convolution in signals, probability, and deep learning.

Dice probability calculator for one or many dice. Compute the chance of rolling an exact sum, at least / at most a value, or a number of successes. Shows exact probabilities, odds, and step-by-step logic.

Continued fraction calculator for real and rational numbers. Convert decimals and fractions to simple continued fractions, compute convergents, and get best rational approximations step-by-step.

Exponent calculator for base-a to the power of b. Compute powers, handle negative and fractional exponents, and get results in standard and scientific notation with step-by-step interpretation.

Interactive Laplace transform calculator for common functions: exponentials, powers, sine, cosine, damped sinusoids, step shifts and impulses. See formulas in LaTeX, region of convergence (ROC) and numeric evaluation.

Prime number calculator to test if a number is prime, factor composite numbers, and list primes in a range. Includes definitions, properties, and number theory FAQs.

Grade calculator to compute percentage and letter grades from points or weighted categories. Supports points-based and weighted averages with clear formulas and examples.

Calculate the area of a regular polygon with our precise and easy-to-use tool. Suitable for students, teachers, and geometry enthusiasts.

Euclidean algorithm calculator to compute the greatest common divisor (GCD), show step-by-step divisions, and run the extended Euclidean algorithm with Bézout coefficients and modular inverses.

Vector calculator to compute magnitude, direction, dot and cross product, angle between vectors, and projections in 2D and 3D. Includes step-by-step formulas, checks for parallel and perpendicular vectors, and worked examples.

Modulo calculator to compute a mod n, return the remainder of integer division, handle negative numbers, and check modular congruence. Includes batch tables and step-by-step explanation.

Interactive Newton

Interactive linear programming calculator using the simplex method. Enter an LP in standard form, see each simplex iteration, and get the optimal solution or an infeasibility/unboundedness diagnosis.

Polygon calculator for regular and irregular polygons. Compute area, perimeter, apothem, circumradius and interior angles for regular polygons, or use coordinates to find the area of any simple polygon.

Bayesian inference calculator for binomial data. Combine a Beta prior with observed successes and trials to compute the posterior Beta distribution, posterior mean, and an approximate credible interval.

Interactive Bayes

Interactive Gram–Schmidt orthonormalization calculator. Enter vectors in Rⁿ, run the Gram–Schmidt process, and get orthogonal and orthonormal bases with step-by-step linear algebra explanations.

Calculate combinations C(n,k) and permutations P(n,k) with or without repetition. Our 4-in-1 calculator provides all results with step-by-step formulas.

Annulus (ring) area calculator with multiple input modes: inner/outer radius, diameters, or outer radius and thickness. Get ring area, circle areas, and an equivalent rectangle, with clear formulas and step-by-step explanation.

Interactive truth table generator for propositional logic. Enter one or more Boolean expressions, use AND, OR, NOT, →, ↔, XOR and parentheses, and get a full truth table with clear syntax rules and explanations.

Convert townships to square miles, acres and square kilometers (and back). Understand how a U.S. survey township is defined (6×6 miles = 36 square miles) and use the step-by-step township area calculator.

Calculate the area, side length, apothem, circumradius, and perimeter of a regular nonagon from any known value. Includes formulas and examples.

Professional data storage converter and guide. Convert between bits, bytes, KB, KiB, MB, MiB, GB, GiB, TB, TiB, PB and PiB. Understand decimal vs binary prefixes with clear formulas and examples.

Convert square feet to acres (and back) with a professional area converter. See equivalents in square metres and hectares, learn the exact 1 acre = 43,560 square feet formula, and use quick reference tables and worked examples.

A 2-in-1 tool to calculate the area and perimeter of a geometric kite, or find the right kiteboarding kite size based on your weight and wind speed.

Calculate area, angles, perimeter, and heights of a scalene triangle given 3 sides (SSS), 2 sides and an angle (SAS), or 2 angles and a side (ASA). Instant results with formulas and step-by-step examples.

Free weight converter. Instantly convert between kilograms, pounds (lb), stones, ounces, and metric/US tons. Includes presets, exact factors, and FAQ.

Professional pennyweight to grams converter. Convert dwt to g and g to dwt using the exact 1 dwt = 1.55517384 g factor. Includes troy ounce and grain equivalents, tables and worked examples for jewelers and bullion dealers.

Convert gigabytes to terabytes (GB to TB) and back in both decimal (1 TB = 1000 GB) and binary (1 TiB = 1024 GiB). See exact formulas, quick reference tables and explanations for disk sizes, cloud storage and backup planning.

Professional scruples to grams converter for apothecary and troy weight. Convert scruple to g and g to scruple using the exact 1 scruple = 1.2959782 g factor. Includes grains, drams, ounces, tables and worked examples.

Professional torque unit converter for N·m, ft·lb, in·lb, N·cm, kgf·m and more. Convert any torque value, see all units at once, check formulas, tables and worked engineering examples.

Evaluate your website typography and see how font size, line length and contrast can impact UX and conversions. Interactive readability checker, CSS examples and best practices for high-converting pages.

Convert viscosity between Pa·s, mPa·s, cP, poise, St, cSt, mm²/s and more. Includes dynamic ↔ kinematic viscosity calculator using density, reference values and engineering formulas.

Convert pascals to PSI (Pa to psi) and back in one step. Professional pressure unit converter with Pa, kPa, MPa, bar, atm, and psi, plus formulas, examples, and reference tables.

Use this free area converter to convert between square feet, square meters, acres, hectares, square miles and more. Includes formulas, tables and examples.

Calculate the arithmetic mean (average), median, mode, range, and standard deviation of any data set. Includes a step-by-step solution for all calculations.

Instantly convert kilopascals (kPa) to pounds per square inch (PSI) and back. Bidirectional kPa to PSI converter with formulas, examples, and pressure conversion table for engineers, mechanics, and everyday users.

Free data storage converter for bits, bytes, kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, terabytes, and petabytes. Convert between decimal (kB, MB, GB) and binary (KiB, MiB, GiB) units with instant results, formulas, and examples.

Instantly convert square inches to square feet and back. Bidirectional sq in to sq ft converter with formulas, step-by-step examples, and an area conversion table for flooring, real estate, and DIY projects.

Instantly convert furlongs to miles and miles to furlongs. Horse-racing friendly converter with exact formulas, race-distance examples, and a quick reference table.

Instantly convert ounces to tablespoons and tablespoons to ounces for cooking & baking. Uses the standard US fluid ounce to tablespoon relationship, with clear formulas, examples, and a handy conversion table.

Instantly convert hectares to acres and acres to hectares. Uses the exact factor 1 hectare = 2.47105 acres, with clear formulas, worked examples, and a handy conversion table.

Convert quarts to liters and liters to quarts in one click. Supports US liquid, US dry and Imperial quarts with precise formulas, examples and a handy reference table.