Data Source and Methodology
Authoritative reference: OpenStax, “Algebra and Trigonometry,” Section 3.7 Financial Formulas (Amortization), 2016 — and standard finance texts on fixed-rate amortization. These sources ground the formulas and definitions used here.
Modeling notes: Payments follow a fixed-rate amortization with period rate \( r = \frac{\text{APR}}{m} \) where \( m \) is payments per year (12, 26, or 52). Extras shorten the term unless your lender recasts. Escrow (tax + insurance) and PMI are added to show an “all-in” outflow; the core schedule remains P&I.
The Formula Explained
Per period \(k\): \( \text{Interest}_k = B_{k-1}\,r \), \( \text{Principal}_k = P - \text{Interest}_k \), \( B_k = B_{k-1} - \text{Principal}_k - \text{Extra}_k \).
Zero-rate case: \( P = \dfrac{L}{n} \), \( \text{Interest}_k = 0 \).
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Do extra payments change my required payment?
No. Required payment stays fixed; extras reduce term and total interest. Some lenders offer optional recast programs—check your agreement.
How does PMI end?
PMI is applied each period until LTV ≤ 80% (balance ≤ 80% of home value). The tool removes PMI automatically once the condition is met.
Why might my lender’s numbers differ?
Daily interest accrual, posting dates, rounding, and fees can create small differences versus this idealized monthly model.
Last accuracy review:
Formula (LaTeX) + variables + units
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Payment: \( P = \dfrac{L\,r}{1 - (1+r)^{-n}} \), where \( L \) is principal, \( r \) the period rate, and \( n \) total periods. Per period \(k\): \( \text{Interest}_k = B_{k-1}\,r \), \( \text{Principal}_k = P - \text{Interest}_k \), \( B_k = B_{k-1} - \text{Principal}_k - \text{Extra}_k \). Zero-rate case: \( P = \dfrac{L}{n} \), \( \text{Interest}_k = 0 \).
- P = principal (loan amount) (currency)
- r = periodic interest rate (annual rate ÷ payments per year) (1)
- n = total number of payments (years × payments per year) (count)
- M = periodic payment for principal + interest (currency)
- T = property tax (annual or monthly depending on input) (currency)
- I = homeowners insurance (annual or monthly depending on input) (currency)
- PMI = private mortgage insurance (monthly) (currency)
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Last code update: 2026-01-19
- Initial audit spec draft generated from HTML extraction (review required).
- Verify formulas match the calculator engine and convert any text-only formulas to LaTeX.
- Confirm sources are authoritative and relevant to the calculator methodology.