IRR (Internal Rate of Return) Calculator

Professional IRR calculator for periodic or irregular (XIRR) cash flows. Robust solver with validation, annualization, formulas, worked example, and FAQ.

Full original guide (expanded)

IRR (Internal Rate of Return) Calculator

Compute the IRR for equally spaced periods or the XIRR for irregular, date-based cash flows. Robust solver with validation and clear diagnostics.

Author: Ugo Candido Reviewed by: Finance Content Editor Last updated: Category: Finance → Investment

Monthly 12 · Quarterly 4 · Annual 1

Solver is robust even without a guess; this may speed convergence.

Period Amount Actions

Enter a negative initial outflow at time 0, then positive inflows.

Results

IRR (per period) —
Annualized IRR —
NPV at solution —
Iterations / Method —
Mode: Periodic Freq: 1/yr

Data Source and Methodology

The IRR is the discount rate that makes NPV equal to zero. This tool solves the root of the NPV function using a robust bracketed bisection algorithm with a safe Newton assist when a well-behaved derivative is detected. XIRR uses Actual/365 time fractions and annualizes directly. :contentReference[oaicite:1]{index=1}

The Formula Explained

Periodic IRR (equal spacing):

\[ \text{Find } r \text{ such that } \mathrm{NPV}(r)=\sum_{t=0}^{n}\frac{CF_t}{(1+r)^t}=0 \]

Irregular IRR (XIRR):

\[ \text{Find } R \text{ such that } \mathrm{NPV}(R)=\sum_{i=0}^{m}\frac{CF_i}{\left(1+R\right)^{\frac{d_i-d_0}{365}}}=0 \]

Here \(CF\) are cash flows, \(t\) is the period index; \(d_i\) are calendar dates (Actual/365). :contentReference[oaicite:2]{index=2}

How to Use

  1. Choose Periodic (equal spacing) or Irregular (XIRR) (specific dates).
  2. Enter a negative initial outflow, then positive inflows.
  3. If periodic, set Periods per year to annualize: \( \text{Annualized}=(1+r)^{\text{freq}}-1 \).
  4. Click Calculate IRR to solve; review diagnostics.

Worked Example

Periodic: −10,000 at \(t=0\); +3,000, +4,200, +6,800 at \(t=1,2,3\); freq=1.

\[ \frac{-10{,}000}{(1+r)^0}+\frac{3{,}000}{(1+r)^1}+\frac{4{,}200}{(1+r)^2}+\frac{6{,}800}{(1+r)^3}=0 \]

The solution is \(r\approx 18.1\%\) per period. With 1 period/year, annualized = 18.1%. :contentReference[oaicite:3]{index=3}

In-Content Ad Unit

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Why do I get “No sign change”?

IRR requires at least one negative and one positive cash flow; otherwise the NPV function will not cross zero. :contentReference[oaicite:4]{index=4}

Multiple IRRs?

Non-conventional cash flows with sign changes more than once may yield multiple IRRs. Consider NPV profiles or MIRR for ranking. :contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5}

How does XIRR annualize?

By raising \(1+R\) to the Actual/365 time fractions between dates. :contentReference[oaicite:6]{index=6}

Full original guide (expanded)

Your previous explanatory sections are preserved here (lightly edited for consistency and accessibility) and reflected in the integrated sections above. :contentReference[oaicite:7]{index=7}

Authoritative reference (Original)

Richard A. Brealey, Stewart C. Myers, Franklin Allen, Principles of Corporate Finance, 13th ed., McGraw-Hill (2019), Chapter 5: Net Present Value and Other Investment Criteria. (Publisher page linked in the original.) :contentReference[oaicite:8]{index=8}

The Formula Explained (Original)

\[\mathrm{NPV}(r)=\sum_{t=0}^{n}\frac{CF_t}{(1+r)^t}=0\]
\[\mathrm{NPV}(R)=\sum_{i=0}^{m}\frac{CF_i}{\left(1+R\right)^{\frac{d_i-d_0}{365}}}=0\]

Text and notation harmonized with this page. :contentReference[oaicite:9]{index=9}

Glossary of Variables (Original)

  • CF: Cash flow; negative for outflows, positive for inflows.
  • t: Period index in periodic mode.
  • d0, di: Start and cash-flow dates for XIRR (Actual/365).
  • r: IRR per period (periodic).
  • R: Annual IRR (irregular/XIRR).
  • freq: Periods/year used to annualize \(r\): \((1+r)^{\text{freq}}-1\).

How It Works: Example (Original)

Same 3-year example detailed above, yielding about 18.1% IRR. :contentReference[oaicite:10]{index=10}

FAQ (Original)

Key Q&A retained and merged into the FAQ section above (no-sign-change, multiple IRRs, date basis). :contentReference[oaicite:11]{index=11}

Authorship and Review (Original)

Audit: Complete
Formula (LaTeX) + variables + units
This section shows the formulas used by the calculator engine, plus variable definitions and units.
Formula (extracted LaTeX)
\[','\\]
','\
Formula (extracted LaTeX)
\[\text{Find } r \text{ such that } \mathrm{NPV}(r)=\sum_{t=0}^{n}\frac{CF_t}{(1+r)^t}=0\]
\text{Find } r \text{ such that } \mathrm{NPV}(r)=\sum_{t=0}^{n}\frac{CF_t}{(1+r)^t}=0
Formula (extracted LaTeX)
\[\text{Find } R \text{ such that } \mathrm{NPV}(R)=\sum_{i=0}^{m}\frac{CF_i}{\left(1+R\right)^{\frac{d_i-d_0}{365}}}=0\]
\text{Find } R \text{ such that } \mathrm{NPV}(R)=\sum_{i=0}^{m}\frac{CF_i}{\left(1+R\right)^{\frac{d_i-d_0}{365}}}=0
Formula (extracted LaTeX)
\[\frac{-10{,}000}{(1+r)^0}+\frac{3{,}000}{(1+r)^1}+\frac{4{,}200}{(1+r)^2}+\frac{6{,}800}{(1+r)^3}=0\]
\frac{-10{,}000}{(1+r)^0}+\frac{3{,}000}{(1+r)^1}+\frac{4{,}200}{(1+r)^2}+\frac{6{,}800}{(1+r)^3}=0
Formula (extracted LaTeX)
\[\mathrm{NPV}(r)=\sum_{t=0}^{n}\frac{CF_t}{(1+r)^t}=0\]
\mathrm{NPV}(r)=\sum_{t=0}^{n}\frac{CF_t}{(1+r)^t}=0
Formula (extracted LaTeX)
\[\mathrm{NPV}(R)=\sum_{i=0}^{m}\frac{CF_i}{\left(1+R\right)^{\frac{d_i-d_0}{365}}}=0\]
\mathrm{NPV}(R)=\sum_{i=0}^{m}\frac{CF_i}{\left(1+R\right)^{\frac{d_i-d_0}{365}}}=0
Formula (extracted text)
Periodic IRR (equal spacing): \[ \text{Find } r \text{ such that } \mathrm{NPV}(r)=\sum_{t=0}^{n}\frac{CF_t}{(1+r)^t}=0 \] Irregular IRR (XIRR): \[ \text{Find } R \text{ such that } \mathrm{NPV}(R)=\sum_{i=0}^{m}\frac{CF_i}{\left(1+R\right)^{\frac{d_i-d_0}{365}}}=0 \] Here \(CF\) are cash flows, \(t\) is the period index; \(d_i\) are calendar dates (Actual/365). :contentReference[oaicite:2]{index=2}
Formula (extracted text)
\[ \frac{-10{,}000}{(1+r)^0}+\frac{3{,}000}{(1+r)^1}+\frac{4{,}200}{(1+r)^2}+\frac{6{,}800}{(1+r)^3}=0 \]
Formula (extracted text)
\[\mathrm{NPV}(r)=\sum_{t=0}^{n}\frac{CF_t}{(1+r)^t}=0\] \[\mathrm{NPV}(R)=\sum_{i=0}^{m}\frac{CF_i}{\left(1+R\right)^{\frac{d_i-d_0}{365}}}=0\] Text and notation harmonized with this page. :contentReference[oaicite:9]{index=9}
Variables and units
  • No variables provided in audit spec.
Sources (authoritative):
Changelog
Version: 0.1.0-draft
Last code update: 2026-01-19
0.1.0-draft · 2026-01-19
  • Initial audit spec draft generated from HTML extraction (review required).
  • Verify formulas match the calculator engine and convert any text-only formulas to LaTeX.
  • Confirm sources are authoritative and relevant to the calculator methodology.
Verified by Ugo Candido on 2026-01-19
Profile · LinkedIn

IRR (Internal Rate of Return) Calculator

Compute the IRR for equally spaced periods or the XIRR for irregular, date-based cash flows. Robust solver with validation and clear diagnostics.

Author: Ugo Candido Reviewed by: Finance Content Editor Last updated: Category: Finance → Investment

Monthly 12 · Quarterly 4 · Annual 1

Solver is robust even without a guess; this may speed convergence.

Period Amount Actions

Enter a negative initial outflow at time 0, then positive inflows.

Results

IRR (per period) —
Annualized IRR —
NPV at solution —
Iterations / Method —
Mode: Periodic Freq: 1/yr

Data Source and Methodology

The IRR is the discount rate that makes NPV equal to zero. This tool solves the root of the NPV function using a robust bracketed bisection algorithm with a safe Newton assist when a well-behaved derivative is detected. XIRR uses Actual/365 time fractions and annualizes directly. :contentReference[oaicite:1]{index=1}

The Formula Explained

Periodic IRR (equal spacing):

\[ \text{Find } r \text{ such that } \mathrm{NPV}(r)=\sum_{t=0}^{n}\frac{CF_t}{(1+r)^t}=0 \]

Irregular IRR (XIRR):

\[ \text{Find } R \text{ such that } \mathrm{NPV}(R)=\sum_{i=0}^{m}\frac{CF_i}{\left(1+R\right)^{\frac{d_i-d_0}{365}}}=0 \]

Here \(CF\) are cash flows, \(t\) is the period index; \(d_i\) are calendar dates (Actual/365). :contentReference[oaicite:2]{index=2}

How to Use

  1. Choose Periodic (equal spacing) or Irregular (XIRR) (specific dates).
  2. Enter a negative initial outflow, then positive inflows.
  3. If periodic, set Periods per year to annualize: \( \text{Annualized}=(1+r)^{\text{freq}}-1 \).
  4. Click Calculate IRR to solve; review diagnostics.

Worked Example

Periodic: −10,000 at \(t=0\); +3,000, +4,200, +6,800 at \(t=1,2,3\); freq=1.

\[ \frac{-10{,}000}{(1+r)^0}+\frac{3{,}000}{(1+r)^1}+\frac{4{,}200}{(1+r)^2}+\frac{6{,}800}{(1+r)^3}=0 \]

The solution is \(r\approx 18.1\%\) per period. With 1 period/year, annualized = 18.1%. :contentReference[oaicite:3]{index=3}

In-Content Ad Unit

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Why do I get “No sign change”?

IRR requires at least one negative and one positive cash flow; otherwise the NPV function will not cross zero. :contentReference[oaicite:4]{index=4}

Multiple IRRs?

Non-conventional cash flows with sign changes more than once may yield multiple IRRs. Consider NPV profiles or MIRR for ranking. :contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5}

How does XIRR annualize?

By raising \(1+R\) to the Actual/365 time fractions between dates. :contentReference[oaicite:6]{index=6}

Full original guide (expanded)

Your previous explanatory sections are preserved here (lightly edited for consistency and accessibility) and reflected in the integrated sections above. :contentReference[oaicite:7]{index=7}

Authoritative reference (Original)

Richard A. Brealey, Stewart C. Myers, Franklin Allen, Principles of Corporate Finance, 13th ed., McGraw-Hill (2019), Chapter 5: Net Present Value and Other Investment Criteria. (Publisher page linked in the original.) :contentReference[oaicite:8]{index=8}

The Formula Explained (Original)

\[\mathrm{NPV}(r)=\sum_{t=0}^{n}\frac{CF_t}{(1+r)^t}=0\]
\[\mathrm{NPV}(R)=\sum_{i=0}^{m}\frac{CF_i}{\left(1+R\right)^{\frac{d_i-d_0}{365}}}=0\]

Text and notation harmonized with this page. :contentReference[oaicite:9]{index=9}

Glossary of Variables (Original)

  • CF: Cash flow; negative for outflows, positive for inflows.
  • t: Period index in periodic mode.
  • d0, di: Start and cash-flow dates for XIRR (Actual/365).
  • r: IRR per period (periodic).
  • R: Annual IRR (irregular/XIRR).
  • freq: Periods/year used to annualize \(r\): \((1+r)^{\text{freq}}-1\).

How It Works: Example (Original)

Same 3-year example detailed above, yielding about 18.1% IRR. :contentReference[oaicite:10]{index=10}

FAQ (Original)

Key Q&A retained and merged into the FAQ section above (no-sign-change, multiple IRRs, date basis). :contentReference[oaicite:11]{index=11}

Authorship and Review (Original)

Audit: Complete
Formula (LaTeX) + variables + units
This section shows the formulas used by the calculator engine, plus variable definitions and units.
Formula (extracted LaTeX)
\[','\\]
','\
Formula (extracted LaTeX)
\[\text{Find } r \text{ such that } \mathrm{NPV}(r)=\sum_{t=0}^{n}\frac{CF_t}{(1+r)^t}=0\]
\text{Find } r \text{ such that } \mathrm{NPV}(r)=\sum_{t=0}^{n}\frac{CF_t}{(1+r)^t}=0
Formula (extracted LaTeX)
\[\text{Find } R \text{ such that } \mathrm{NPV}(R)=\sum_{i=0}^{m}\frac{CF_i}{\left(1+R\right)^{\frac{d_i-d_0}{365}}}=0\]
\text{Find } R \text{ such that } \mathrm{NPV}(R)=\sum_{i=0}^{m}\frac{CF_i}{\left(1+R\right)^{\frac{d_i-d_0}{365}}}=0
Formula (extracted LaTeX)
\[\frac{-10{,}000}{(1+r)^0}+\frac{3{,}000}{(1+r)^1}+\frac{4{,}200}{(1+r)^2}+\frac{6{,}800}{(1+r)^3}=0\]
\frac{-10{,}000}{(1+r)^0}+\frac{3{,}000}{(1+r)^1}+\frac{4{,}200}{(1+r)^2}+\frac{6{,}800}{(1+r)^3}=0
Formula (extracted LaTeX)
\[\mathrm{NPV}(r)=\sum_{t=0}^{n}\frac{CF_t}{(1+r)^t}=0\]
\mathrm{NPV}(r)=\sum_{t=0}^{n}\frac{CF_t}{(1+r)^t}=0
Formula (extracted LaTeX)
\[\mathrm{NPV}(R)=\sum_{i=0}^{m}\frac{CF_i}{\left(1+R\right)^{\frac{d_i-d_0}{365}}}=0\]
\mathrm{NPV}(R)=\sum_{i=0}^{m}\frac{CF_i}{\left(1+R\right)^{\frac{d_i-d_0}{365}}}=0
Formula (extracted text)
Periodic IRR (equal spacing): \[ \text{Find } r \text{ such that } \mathrm{NPV}(r)=\sum_{t=0}^{n}\frac{CF_t}{(1+r)^t}=0 \] Irregular IRR (XIRR): \[ \text{Find } R \text{ such that } \mathrm{NPV}(R)=\sum_{i=0}^{m}\frac{CF_i}{\left(1+R\right)^{\frac{d_i-d_0}{365}}}=0 \] Here \(CF\) are cash flows, \(t\) is the period index; \(d_i\) are calendar dates (Actual/365). :contentReference[oaicite:2]{index=2}
Formula (extracted text)
\[ \frac{-10{,}000}{(1+r)^0}+\frac{3{,}000}{(1+r)^1}+\frac{4{,}200}{(1+r)^2}+\frac{6{,}800}{(1+r)^3}=0 \]
Formula (extracted text)
\[\mathrm{NPV}(r)=\sum_{t=0}^{n}\frac{CF_t}{(1+r)^t}=0\] \[\mathrm{NPV}(R)=\sum_{i=0}^{m}\frac{CF_i}{\left(1+R\right)^{\frac{d_i-d_0}{365}}}=0\] Text and notation harmonized with this page. :contentReference[oaicite:9]{index=9}
Variables and units
  • No variables provided in audit spec.
Sources (authoritative):
Changelog
Version: 0.1.0-draft
Last code update: 2026-01-19
0.1.0-draft · 2026-01-19
  • Initial audit spec draft generated from HTML extraction (review required).
  • Verify formulas match the calculator engine and convert any text-only formulas to LaTeX.
  • Confirm sources are authoritative and relevant to the calculator methodology.
Verified by Ugo Candido on 2026-01-19
Profile · LinkedIn

IRR (Internal Rate of Return) Calculator

Compute the IRR for equally spaced periods or the XIRR for irregular, date-based cash flows. Robust solver with validation and clear diagnostics.

Author: Ugo Candido Reviewed by: Finance Content Editor Last updated: Category: Finance → Investment

Monthly 12 · Quarterly 4 · Annual 1

Solver is robust even without a guess; this may speed convergence.

Period Amount Actions

Enter a negative initial outflow at time 0, then positive inflows.

Results

IRR (per period) —
Annualized IRR —
NPV at solution —
Iterations / Method —
Mode: Periodic Freq: 1/yr

Data Source and Methodology

The IRR is the discount rate that makes NPV equal to zero. This tool solves the root of the NPV function using a robust bracketed bisection algorithm with a safe Newton assist when a well-behaved derivative is detected. XIRR uses Actual/365 time fractions and annualizes directly. :contentReference[oaicite:1]{index=1}

The Formula Explained

Periodic IRR (equal spacing):

\[ \text{Find } r \text{ such that } \mathrm{NPV}(r)=\sum_{t=0}^{n}\frac{CF_t}{(1+r)^t}=0 \]

Irregular IRR (XIRR):

\[ \text{Find } R \text{ such that } \mathrm{NPV}(R)=\sum_{i=0}^{m}\frac{CF_i}{\left(1+R\right)^{\frac{d_i-d_0}{365}}}=0 \]

Here \(CF\) are cash flows, \(t\) is the period index; \(d_i\) are calendar dates (Actual/365). :contentReference[oaicite:2]{index=2}

How to Use

  1. Choose Periodic (equal spacing) or Irregular (XIRR) (specific dates).
  2. Enter a negative initial outflow, then positive inflows.
  3. If periodic, set Periods per year to annualize: \( \text{Annualized}=(1+r)^{\text{freq}}-1 \).
  4. Click Calculate IRR to solve; review diagnostics.

Worked Example

Periodic: −10,000 at \(t=0\); +3,000, +4,200, +6,800 at \(t=1,2,3\); freq=1.

\[ \frac{-10{,}000}{(1+r)^0}+\frac{3{,}000}{(1+r)^1}+\frac{4{,}200}{(1+r)^2}+\frac{6{,}800}{(1+r)^3}=0 \]

The solution is \(r\approx 18.1\%\) per period. With 1 period/year, annualized = 18.1%. :contentReference[oaicite:3]{index=3}

In-Content Ad Unit

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Why do I get “No sign change”?

IRR requires at least one negative and one positive cash flow; otherwise the NPV function will not cross zero. :contentReference[oaicite:4]{index=4}

Multiple IRRs?

Non-conventional cash flows with sign changes more than once may yield multiple IRRs. Consider NPV profiles or MIRR for ranking. :contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5}

How does XIRR annualize?

By raising \(1+R\) to the Actual/365 time fractions between dates. :contentReference[oaicite:6]{index=6}

Full original guide (expanded)

Your previous explanatory sections are preserved here (lightly edited for consistency and accessibility) and reflected in the integrated sections above. :contentReference[oaicite:7]{index=7}

Authoritative reference (Original)

Richard A. Brealey, Stewart C. Myers, Franklin Allen, Principles of Corporate Finance, 13th ed., McGraw-Hill (2019), Chapter 5: Net Present Value and Other Investment Criteria. (Publisher page linked in the original.) :contentReference[oaicite:8]{index=8}

The Formula Explained (Original)

\[\mathrm{NPV}(r)=\sum_{t=0}^{n}\frac{CF_t}{(1+r)^t}=0\]
\[\mathrm{NPV}(R)=\sum_{i=0}^{m}\frac{CF_i}{\left(1+R\right)^{\frac{d_i-d_0}{365}}}=0\]

Text and notation harmonized with this page. :contentReference[oaicite:9]{index=9}

Glossary of Variables (Original)

  • CF: Cash flow; negative for outflows, positive for inflows.
  • t: Period index in periodic mode.
  • d0, di: Start and cash-flow dates for XIRR (Actual/365).
  • r: IRR per period (periodic).
  • R: Annual IRR (irregular/XIRR).
  • freq: Periods/year used to annualize \(r\): \((1+r)^{\text{freq}}-1\).

How It Works: Example (Original)

Same 3-year example detailed above, yielding about 18.1% IRR. :contentReference[oaicite:10]{index=10}

FAQ (Original)

Key Q&A retained and merged into the FAQ section above (no-sign-change, multiple IRRs, date basis). :contentReference[oaicite:11]{index=11}

Authorship and Review (Original)

Audit: Complete
Formula (LaTeX) + variables + units
This section shows the formulas used by the calculator engine, plus variable definitions and units.
Formula (extracted LaTeX)
\[','\\]
','\
Formula (extracted LaTeX)
\[\text{Find } r \text{ such that } \mathrm{NPV}(r)=\sum_{t=0}^{n}\frac{CF_t}{(1+r)^t}=0\]
\text{Find } r \text{ such that } \mathrm{NPV}(r)=\sum_{t=0}^{n}\frac{CF_t}{(1+r)^t}=0
Formula (extracted LaTeX)
\[\text{Find } R \text{ such that } \mathrm{NPV}(R)=\sum_{i=0}^{m}\frac{CF_i}{\left(1+R\right)^{\frac{d_i-d_0}{365}}}=0\]
\text{Find } R \text{ such that } \mathrm{NPV}(R)=\sum_{i=0}^{m}\frac{CF_i}{\left(1+R\right)^{\frac{d_i-d_0}{365}}}=0
Formula (extracted LaTeX)
\[\frac{-10{,}000}{(1+r)^0}+\frac{3{,}000}{(1+r)^1}+\frac{4{,}200}{(1+r)^2}+\frac{6{,}800}{(1+r)^3}=0\]
\frac{-10{,}000}{(1+r)^0}+\frac{3{,}000}{(1+r)^1}+\frac{4{,}200}{(1+r)^2}+\frac{6{,}800}{(1+r)^3}=0
Formula (extracted LaTeX)
\[\mathrm{NPV}(r)=\sum_{t=0}^{n}\frac{CF_t}{(1+r)^t}=0\]
\mathrm{NPV}(r)=\sum_{t=0}^{n}\frac{CF_t}{(1+r)^t}=0
Formula (extracted LaTeX)
\[\mathrm{NPV}(R)=\sum_{i=0}^{m}\frac{CF_i}{\left(1+R\right)^{\frac{d_i-d_0}{365}}}=0\]
\mathrm{NPV}(R)=\sum_{i=0}^{m}\frac{CF_i}{\left(1+R\right)^{\frac{d_i-d_0}{365}}}=0
Formula (extracted text)
Periodic IRR (equal spacing): \[ \text{Find } r \text{ such that } \mathrm{NPV}(r)=\sum_{t=0}^{n}\frac{CF_t}{(1+r)^t}=0 \] Irregular IRR (XIRR): \[ \text{Find } R \text{ such that } \mathrm{NPV}(R)=\sum_{i=0}^{m}\frac{CF_i}{\left(1+R\right)^{\frac{d_i-d_0}{365}}}=0 \] Here \(CF\) are cash flows, \(t\) is the period index; \(d_i\) are calendar dates (Actual/365). :contentReference[oaicite:2]{index=2}
Formula (extracted text)
\[ \frac{-10{,}000}{(1+r)^0}+\frac{3{,}000}{(1+r)^1}+\frac{4{,}200}{(1+r)^2}+\frac{6{,}800}{(1+r)^3}=0 \]
Formula (extracted text)
\[\mathrm{NPV}(r)=\sum_{t=0}^{n}\frac{CF_t}{(1+r)^t}=0\] \[\mathrm{NPV}(R)=\sum_{i=0}^{m}\frac{CF_i}{\left(1+R\right)^{\frac{d_i-d_0}{365}}}=0\] Text and notation harmonized with this page. :contentReference[oaicite:9]{index=9}
Variables and units
  • No variables provided in audit spec.
Sources (authoritative):
Changelog
Version: 0.1.0-draft
Last code update: 2026-01-19
0.1.0-draft · 2026-01-19
  • Initial audit spec draft generated from HTML extraction (review required).
  • Verify formulas match the calculator engine and convert any text-only formulas to LaTeX.
  • Confirm sources are authoritative and relevant to the calculator methodology.
Verified by Ugo Candido on 2026-01-19
Profile · LinkedIn
Formulas

(Formulas preserved from original page content, if present.)

Version 0.1.0-draft
Citations

Add authoritative sources relevant to this calculator (standards bodies, manuals, official docs).

Changelog
  • 0.1.0-draft — 2026-01-19: Initial draft (review required).