q_{new} = q_{orig} \times \frac{S_{new}}{S_{orig}}
m = \rho \cdot V \quad\text{and}\quad V = \frac{m}{\rho}
t = a \cdot w + b
Recipe scaling: $q_{new} = q_{orig} \times \frac{S_{new}}{S_{orig}}$ Mass–volume conversion with density: $m = \rho \cdot V \quad\text{and}\quad V = \frac{m}{\rho}$ where \( \rho \) is ingredient-specific (e.g., g/mL). Roast time (affine model): $t = a \cdot w + b$ where \(t\) is time, \(w\) is weight, \(a,b\) depend on meat type and oven. Convection typically reduces \(t\) by ~15–20%.