Conversions Electrical and Wire (2024 Guide) | CalcDomain

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            <header class="mb-6">
              <h1 class="text-2xl font-bold mb-2">
                Electrical &amp; Wire Conversions
              </h1>
              <p class="text-gray-700">
                All-in-one tool for AWG ↔ mm², circular mils, DC resistance,
                ampacity estimates, voltage drop, and basic power/current
                conversions for AC and DC systems.
              </p>
            </header>

            <!-- Tabs -->
            <div class="mb-4 border-b border-gray-200">
              <nav
                class="flex flex-wrap gap-2"
                aria-label="Wire conversion modes"
              >
                <button
                  type="button"
                  data-tab="awg-metric"
                  class="tab-btn px-3 py-2 text-sm font-medium border-b-2 border-transparent text-gray-600 hover:text-blue-600"
                >
                  AWG ↔ Metric
                </button>
                <button
                  type="button"
                  data-tab="voltage-drop"
                  class="tab-btn px-3 py-2 text-sm font-medium border-b-2 border-transparent text-gray-600 hover:text-blue-600"
                >
                  Voltage Drop
                </button>
                <button
                  type="button"
                  data-tab="power-current"
                  class="tab-btn px-3 py-2 text-sm font-medium border-b-2 border-transparent text-gray-600 hover:text-blue-600"
                >
                  Power &amp; Current
                </button>
                <button
                  type="button"
                  data-tab="resistance"
                  class="tab-btn px-3 py-2 text-sm font-medium border-b-2 border-transparent text-gray-600 hover:text-blue-600"
                >
                  Wire Resistance
                </button>
              </nav>
            </div>

            <!-- AWG ↔ Metric Tab -->
            <section id="tab-awg-metric" class="tab-panel">
              <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-3">
                AWG ↔ Metric Wire Size Converter
              </h2>
              <p class="text-sm text-gray-700 mb-4">
                Convert American Wire Gauge (AWG) to metric cross-sectional area
                and back. Includes circular mils and approximate DC resistance
                at 20&nbsp;°C.
              </p>

              <div class="grid md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-4">
                <div>
                  <label
                    for="awgSelect"
                    class="block text-sm font-medium text-gray-700 mb-1"
                    >AWG size</label
                  >
                  <select
                    id="awgSelect"
                    class="w-full border border-gray-300 rounded-md px-3 py-2 text-sm"
                  >
                    <!-- options filled by JS -->
                  </select>
                </div>
                <div>
                  <label
                    for="materialAwg"
                    class="block text-sm font-medium text-gray-700 mb-1"
                    >Conductor material</label
                  >
                  <select
                    id="materialAwg"
                    class="w-full border border-gray-300 rounded-md px-3 py-2 text-sm"
                  >
                    <option value="copper">Copper (Cu)</option>
                    <option value="aluminum">Aluminum (Al)</option>
                  </select>
                </div>
              </div>

              <div class="grid md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-4">
                <div>
                  <label class="block text-sm font-medium text-gray-700 mb-1"
                    >Cross-sectional area</label
                  >
                  <div
                    class="bg-gray-50 border border-gray-200 rounded-md px-3 py-2 text-sm"
                  >
                    <div>
                      <span class="font-semibold" id="areaMm2">—</span> mm²
                    </div>
                    <div>
                      <span class="font-semibold" id="areaCmil">—</span>
                      circular mils
                    </div>
                  </div>
                </div>
                <div>
                  <label class="block text-sm font-medium text-gray-700 mb-1"
                    >Approx. DC resistance @ 20&nbsp;°C</label
                  >
                  <div
                    class="bg-gray-50 border border-gray-200 rounded-md px-3 py-2 text-sm"
                  >
                    <div>
                      <span class="font-semibold" id="resPerM">—</span> Ω / m
                    </div>
                    <div>
                      <span class="font-semibold" id="resPerKft">—</span> Ω /
                      1000 ft
                    </div>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>

              <div class="mt-4">
                <h3 class="text-sm font-semibold mb-1">
                  Find nearest AWG from metric size
                </h3>
                <div class="grid md:grid-cols-3 gap-3 items-end">
                  <div>
                    <label
                      for="metricInput"
                      class="block text-sm font-medium text-gray-700 mb-1"
                      >Area (mm²)</label
                    >
                    <input
                      id="metricInput"
                      type="number"
                      step="0.01"
                      min="0"
                      class="w-full border border-gray-300 rounded-md px-3 py-2 text-sm"
                      placeholder="e.g. 2.5"
                    />
                  </div>
                  <div>
                    <button
                      id="metricToAwgBtn"
                      type="button"
                      class="w-full bg-blue-600 text-white text-sm font-medium px-3 py-2 rounded-md hover:bg-blue-700"
                    >
                      Find nearest AWG
                    </button>
                  </div>
                  <div>
                    <p class="text-sm text-gray-700">
                      Nearest AWG:
                      <span id="nearestAwg" class="font-semibold">—</span>
                    </p>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </section>

            <!-- Voltage Drop Tab -->
            <section id="tab-voltage-drop" class="tab-panel hidden">
              <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-3">
                Voltage Drop Calculator
              </h2>
              <p class="text-sm text-gray-700 mb-4">
                Estimate DC or single‑phase AC voltage drop for a given wire
                size, length, and load current. For design compliance, always
                check your local electrical code.
              </p>

              <div class="grid md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-4">
                <div>
                  <label
                    for="vdSystem"
                    class="block text-sm font-medium text-gray-700 mb-1"
                    >System type</label
                  >
                  <select
                    id="vdSystem"
                    class="w-full border border-gray-300 rounded-md px-3 py-2 text-sm"
                  >
                    <option value="dc">DC</option>
                    <option value="ac1p">AC single-phase</option>
                  </select>
                </div>
                <div>
                  <label
                    for="vdMaterial"
                    class="block text-sm font-medium text-gray-700 mb-1"
                    >Conductor material</label
                  >
                  <select
                    id="vdMaterial"
                    class="w-full border border-gray-300 rounded-md px-3 py-2 text-sm"
                  >
                    <option value="copper">Copper (Cu)</option>
                    <option value="aluminum">Aluminum (Al)</option>
                  </select>
                </div>
              </div>

              <div class="grid md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-4">
                <div>
                  <label
                    for="vdWireMode"
                    class="block text-sm font-medium text-gray-700 mb-1"
                    >Wire size input</label
                  >
                  <select
                    id="vdWireMode"
                    class="w-full border border-gray-300 rounded-md px-3 py-2 text-sm"
                  >
                    <option value="awg">AWG</option>
                    <option value="mm2">mm²</option>
                  </select>
                </div>
                <div id="vdAwgWrapper">
                  <label
                    for="vdAwg"
                    class="block text-sm font-medium text-gray-700 mb-1"
                    >AWG size</label
                  >
                  <select
                    id="vdAwg"
                    class="w-full border border-gray-300 rounded-md px-3 py-2 text-sm"
                  ></select>
                </div>
                <div id="vdMm2Wrapper" class="hidden">
                  <label
                    for="vdMm2"
                    class="block text-sm font-medium text-gray-700 mb-1"
                    >Area (mm²)</label
                  >
                  <input
                    id="vdMm2"
                    type="number"
                    step="0.01"
                    min="0"
                    class="w-full border border-gray-300 rounded-md px-3 py-2 text-sm"
                    placeholder="e.g. 4"
                  />
                </div>
              </div>

              <div class="grid md:grid-cols-3 gap-4 mb-4">
                <div>
                  <label
                    for="vdVoltage"
                    class="block text-sm font-medium text-gray-700 mb-1"
                    >Supply voltage (V)</label
                  >
                  <input
                    id="vdVoltage"
                    type="number"
                    step="0.1"
                    min="0"
                    class="w-full border border-gray-300 rounded-md px-3 py-2 text-sm"
                    placeholder="e.g. 230"
                  />
                </div>
                <div>
                  <label
                    for="vdCurrent"
                    class="block text-sm font-medium text-gray-700 mb-1"
                    >Load current (A)</label
                  >
                  <input
                    id="vdCurrent"
                    type="number"
                    step="0.01"
                    min="0"
                    class="w-full border border-gray-300 rounded-md px-3 py-2 text-sm"
                    placeholder="e.g. 16"
                  />
                </div>
                <div>
                  <label
                    for="vdLength"
                    class="block text-sm font-medium text-gray-700 mb-1"
                    >One‑way length</label
                  >
                  <div class="flex">
                    <input
                      id="vdLength"
                      type="number"
                      step="0.1"
                      min="0"
                      class="flex-1 border border-gray-300 rounded-l-md px-3 py-2 text-sm"
                      placeholder="e.g. 30"
                    />
                    <select
                      id="vdLengthUnit"
                      class="border border-l-0 border-gray-300 rounded-r-md px-2 py-2 text-sm bg-gray-50"
                    >
                      <option value="m">m</option>
                      <option value="ft">ft</option>
                    </select>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>

              <button
                id="vdCalcBtn"
                type="button"
                class="mb-4 bg-blue-600 text-white text-sm font-medium px-4 py-2 rounded-md hover:bg-blue-700"
              >
                Calculate voltage drop
              </button>

              <div
                class="bg-gray-50 border border-gray-200 rounded-md px-4 py-3 text-sm"
              >
                <p>
                  Voltage drop:
                  <span id="vdDrop" class="font-semibold">—</span> V
                </p>
                <p>
                  Percentage drop:
                  <span id="vdDropPct" class="font-semibold">—</span> %
                </p>
                <p>
                  Estimated power loss in cable:
                  <span id="vdLoss" class="font-semibold">—</span> W
                </p>
              </div>
            </section>

            <!-- Power & Current Tab -->
            <section id="tab-power-current" class="tab-panel hidden">
              <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-3">
                Power &amp; Current Converter
              </h2>
              <p class="text-sm text-gray-700 mb-4">
                Convert between kW, kVA, amps, and volts for DC, single‑phase
                AC, and three‑phase AC systems.
              </p>

              <div class="grid md:grid-cols-3 gap-4 mb-4">
                <div>
                  <label
                    for="pcSystem"
                    class="block text-sm font-medium text-gray-700 mb-1"
                    >System type</label
                  >
                  <select
                    id="pcSystem"
                    class="w-full border border-gray-300 rounded-md px-3 py-2 text-sm"
                  >
                    <option value="dc">DC</option>
                    <option value="ac1p">AC single-phase</option>
                    <option value="ac3p">AC three-phase</option>
                  </select>
                </div>
                <div>
                  <label
                    for="pcPF"
                    class="block text-sm font-medium text-gray-700 mb-1"
                    >Power factor (PF)</label
                  >
                  <input
                    id="pcPF"
                    type="number"
                    step="0.01"
                    min="0"
                    max="1"
                    class="w-full border border-gray-300 rounded-md px-3 py-2 text-sm"
                    value="0.8"
                  />
                  <p class="text-xs text-gray-500 mt-1">
                    For DC, PF is treated as 1.0.
                  </p>
                </div>
              </div>

              <div class="grid md:grid-cols-4 gap-4 mb-4">
                <div>
                  <label
                    for="pcVoltage"
                    class="block text-sm font-medium text-gray-700 mb-1"
                    >Voltage (V)</label
                  >
                  <input
                    id="pcVoltage"
                    type="number"
                    step="0.1"
                    min="0"
                    class="w-full border border-gray-300 rounded-md px-3 py-2 text-sm"
                    placeholder="e.g. 230"
                  />
                </div>
                <div>
                  <label
                    for="pcCurrent"
                    class="block text-sm font-medium text-gray-700 mb-1"
                    >Current (A)</label
                  >
                  <input
                    id="pcCurrent"
                    type="number"
                    step="0.01"
                    min="0"
                    class="w-full border border-gray-300 rounded-md px-3 py-2 text-sm"
                    placeholder="optional"
                  />
                </div>
                <div>
                  <label
                    for="pcKW"
                    class="block text-sm font-medium text-gray-700 mb-1"
                    >Real power (kW)</label
                  >
                  <input
                    id="pcKW"
                    type="number"
                    step="0.001"
                    min="0"
                    class="w-full border border-gray-300 rounded-md px-3 py-2 text-sm"
                    placeholder="optional"
                  />
                </div>
                <div>
                  <label
                    for="pcKVA"
                    class="block text-sm font-medium text-gray-700 mb-1"
                    >Apparent power (kVA)</label
                  >
                  <input
                    id="pcKVA"
                    type="number"
                    step="0.001"
                    min="0"
                    class="w-full border border-gray-300 rounded-md px-3 py-2 text-sm"
                    placeholder="optional"
                  />
                </div>
              </div>

              <button
                id="pcCalcBtn"
                type="button"
                class="mb-4 bg-blue-600 text-white text-sm font-medium px-4 py-2 rounded-md hover:bg-blue-700"
              >
                Solve missing values
              </button>

              <p class="text-xs text-gray-500">
                Enter voltage and any one of current, kW, or kVA. The calculator
                will compute the remaining fields.
              </p>
            </section>

            <!-- Wire Resistance Tab -->
            <section id="tab-resistance" class="tab-panel hidden">
              <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-3">
                Wire Resistance by Length
              </h2>
              <p class="text-sm text-gray-700 mb-4">
                Compute approximate DC resistance of a copper or aluminum
                conductor for any length and cross‑section.
              </p>

              <div class="grid md:grid-cols-3 gap-4 mb-4">
                <div>
                  <label
                    for="wrMode"
                    class="block text-sm font-medium text-gray-700 mb-1"
                    >Wire size input</label
                  >
                  <select
                    id="wrMode"
                    class="w-full border border-gray-300 rounded-md px-3 py-2 text-sm"
                  >
                    <option value="awg">AWG</option>
                    <option value="mm2">mm²</option>
                  </select>
                </div>
                <div id="wrAwgWrapper">
                  <label
                    for="wrAwg"
                    class="block text-sm font-medium text-gray-700 mb-1"
                    >AWG size</label
                  >
                  <select
                    id="wrAwg"
                    class="w-full border border-gray-300 rounded-md px-3 py-2 text-sm"
                  ></select>
                </div>
                <div id="wrMm2Wrapper" class="hidden">
                  <label
                    for="wrMm2"
                    class="block text-sm font-medium text-gray-700 mb-1"
                    >Area (mm²)</label
                  >
                  <input
                    id="wrMm2"
                    type="number"
                    step="0.01"
                    min="0"
                    class="w-full border border-gray-300 rounded-md px-3 py-2 text-sm"
                    placeholder="e.g. 10"
                  />
                </div>
              </div>

              <div class="grid md:grid-cols-3 gap-4 mb-4">
                <div>
                  <label
                    for="wrMaterial"
                    class="block text-sm font-medium text-gray-700 mb-1"
                    >Material</label
                  >
                  <select
                    id="wrMaterial"
                    class="w-full border border-gray-300 rounded-md px-3 py-2 text-sm"
                  >
                    <option value="copper">Copper (Cu)</option>
                    <option value="aluminum">Aluminum (Al)</option>
                  </select>
                </div>
                <div>
                  <label
                    for="wrLength"
                    class="block text-sm font-medium text-gray-700 mb-1"
                    >Length</label
                  >
                  <div class="flex">
                    <input
                      id="wrLength"
                      type="number"
                      step="0.1"
                      min="0"
                      class="flex-1 border border-gray-300 rounded-l-md px-3 py-2 text-sm"
                      placeholder="e.g. 100"
                    />
                    <select
                      id="wrLengthUnit"
                      class="border border-l-0 border-gray-300 rounded-r-md px-2 py-2 text-sm bg-gray-50"
                    >
                      <option value="m">m</option>
                      <option value="ft">ft</option>
                    </select>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>

              <button
                id="wrCalcBtn"
                type="button"
                class="mb-4 bg-blue-600 text-white text-sm font-medium px-4 py-2 rounded-md hover:bg-blue-700"
              >
                Calculate resistance
              </button>

              <div
                class="bg-gray-50 border border-gray-200 rounded-md px-4 py-3 text-sm"
              >
                <p>
                  Total resistance:
                  <span id="wrR" class="font-semibold">—</span> Ω
                </p>
                <p>
                  Resistance per unit length:
                  <span id="wrRPer" class="font-semibold">—</span> Ω / m
                </p>
              </div>
            </section>

            <!-- Explanatory content -->
            <section class="prose mt-8">
              <h2>How this electrical &amp; wire conversion tool works</h2>
              <p>
                This page combines several common electrical and wire sizing
                conversions that are usually scattered across separate charts
                and calculators. It is designed for electricians, engineers, and
                DIY users who need quick, engineering‑grade estimates.
              </p>

              <h3>1. AWG to mm² and circular mils</h3>
              <p>
                American Wire Gauge (AWG) is a logarithmic standard. The
                diameter in millimeters for a given AWG size is:
              </p>
              <div class="formula-box text-sm">
                <p>
                  <strong>Diameter (mm)</strong> ≈ 0.127 × 92<sup
                    >(36 − AWG)/39</sup
                  >
                </p>
                <p><strong>Area (mm²)</strong> = π × (diameter / 2)²</p>
              </div>
              <p>
                The calculator uses a pre‑computed table for common AWG sizes
                (0000 to 40) and returns:
              </p>
              <ul>
                <li>Cross‑sectional area in mm²</li>
                <li>Area in circular mils (cmil)</li>
                <li>
                  Approximate DC resistance at 20&nbsp;°C for copper and
                  aluminum
                </li>
              </ul>

              <h3>2. Voltage drop estimation</h3>
              <p>Voltage drop is calculated from Ohm’s law:</p>
              <div class="formula-box text-sm">
                <p><strong>R</strong> = ρ × L / A</p>
                <p>
                  <strong>V<sub>drop</sub></strong> = I × R<sub>loop</sub>
                </p>
              </div>
              <ul>
                <li>
                  <strong>ρ</strong> – resistivity of the conductor (different
                  for copper and aluminum)
                </li>
                <li><strong>L</strong> – one‑way length of the run</li>
                <li><strong>A</strong> – cross‑sectional area</li>
                <li>
                  <strong>R<sub>loop</sub></strong> – total round‑trip
                  resistance (out and back)
                </li>
              </ul>
              <p>
                The tool reports the voltage drop in volts, percentage of supply
                voltage, and approximate power lost as heat in the cable.
              </p>

              <h3>3. Power, current, and voltage relationships</h3>
              <p>
                For different systems, the relationships between power, voltage,
                and current are:
              </p>
              <div class="formula-box text-sm">
                <p><strong>DC:</strong> P = V × I</p>
                <p><strong>AC single‑phase:</strong> P = V × I × PF</p>
                <p>
                  <strong>AC three‑phase:</strong> P = √3 × V<sub>LL</sub> × I ×
                  PF
                </p>
              </div>
              <p>
                Where PF is the power factor (typically 0.8–0.95 for many
                loads). The calculator lets you enter any one of current, kW, or
                kVA (plus voltage and PF) and solves the rest.
              </p>

              <h3>4. Wire resistance by length</h3>
              <p>
                For a uniform conductor, DC resistance scales linearly with
                length and inversely with cross‑sectional area:
              </p>
              <div class="formula-box text-sm">
                <p><strong>R</strong> = ρ × L / A</p>
              </div>
              <p>
                This is useful for estimating heating, fault currents, and
                voltage drop in custom wire sizes.
              </p>

              <h3>Engineering note &amp; safety disclaimer</h3>
              <ul>
                <li>
                  Values are approximate and assume 20&nbsp;°C conductor
                  temperature.
                </li>
                <li>
                  Actual ampacity depends on insulation, bundling, ambient
                  temperature, and installation method.
                </li>
                <li>
                  Always size conductors and protection devices according to the
                  applicable electrical code (NEC, IEC, local regulations) and
                  manufacturer data.
                </li>
              </ul>

              <h2>Frequently asked questions</h2>

              <h3>What AWG size is closest to 2.5&nbsp;mm²?</h3>
              <p>
                2.5&nbsp;mm² copper is closest to AWG 13, but in practice AWG 14
                (≈ 2.08&nbsp;mm²) or AWG 12 (≈ 3.31&nbsp;mm²) are commonly used.
                The “Find nearest AWG” tool shows the mathematically closest
                size.
              </p>

              <h3>Is this calculator suitable for code‑compliant design?</h3>
              <p>
                It is intended for quick estimates, checks, and educational use.
                For final designs, always verify conductor sizes, ampacity, and
                voltage drop with the relevant electrical code tables and
                standards.
              </p>

              <h3>Can I use this for three‑phase voltage drop?</h3>
              <p>
                The voltage drop tab focuses on DC and single‑phase circuits.
                For three‑phase systems, you can still use the resistance and
                power/current tabs, but for detailed design use a dedicated
                three‑phase voltage drop calculator or code‑based method.
              </p>
            </section>
          </div>



            <section class="mt-10" id="author">
              <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">About the author</h2>
              <div class="bg-gray-50 border border-gray-200 rounded-lg p-4">
                <p class="text-sm text-gray-700">
                  <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/ugocandido92821/" class="text-blue-600 hover:underline" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ugo Candido</a>
                  builds financial tools and educational resources to help
                  readers make better money decisions. He focuses on practical,
                  transparent models that reflect how lenders calculate
                  payments and total cost of ownership.
                </p>
                <p class="text-sm text-gray-700 mt-3">
                  Contact: <a href="mailto:info@calcdomain.com" class="text-blue-600 hover:underline">info@calcdomain.com</a>
                </p>
              </div>
            </section>

            <section class="mt-10" id="editorial-policy">
              <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Editorial policy</h2>
              <div class="bg-gray-50 border border-gray-200 rounded-lg p-4">
                <p class="text-sm text-gray-700">
                  CalcDomain content is created for educational purposes and is
                  reviewed for clarity, accuracy, and transparency. We do not
                  accept paid placements that influence calculator outputs.
                  Inputs and assumptions are shown directly in the interface so
                  you can verify how results are produced.
                </p>
              </div>
            </section>

            <section class="mt-10" id="methodology">
              <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Methodology</h2>
              <div class="bg-gray-50 border border-gray-200 rounded-lg p-4">
                <p class="text-sm text-gray-700">
                  Results use standard formulas and the values you provide.
                  Figures are estimates and may differ from lender quotes.
                  For decisions that require professional guidance, consult a
                  licensed advisor.
                </p>
              </div>
            </section>

        
            <section class="mt-10" id="sources">
              <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Sources</h2>
              <div class="bg-gray-50 border border-gray-200 rounded-lg p-4">
                <ul class="list-disc list-inside text-sm text-gray-700 space-y-1">
                  <li>
                    <a href="https://www.nist.gov/pml/owm/metric-si/si-units" class="text-blue-600 hover:underline" target="_blank" rel="noopener">
                      NIST: The International System of Units (SI)
                    </a>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                    <a href="https://openstax.org/details/books/college-algebra" class="text-blue-600 hover:underline" target="_blank" rel="noopener">
                      OpenStax: College Algebra
                    </a>
                  </li>
                </ul>
              </div>
            </section>

        





<section class="bg-white p-4 rounded-lg shadow-md mt-6"><h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-2">Engineering notes</h2><p class="text-sm text-gray-700">Use SI units and keep dimensional consistency. Verify boundary conditions, safety factors, and design limits.</p><p class="text-sm text-gray-700 mt-2">Key entities: Conversions, Electrical, And, Wire.</p></section><section class="bg-white p-4 rounded-lg shadow-md mt-6"><h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-2">Inputs used by this calculator</h2><ul class="text-sm text-gray-700 list-disc pl-5"></ul></section><section class="bg-white p-4 rounded-lg shadow-md mt-6"><h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-2">Consistency checks</h2><p class="text-sm text-gray-700">Checks: consistent units, allowed ranges, technical rounding.</p></section><!-- %%EEAT_STRIP%% -->
<!-- %%QUALITY_BLOCKS%% -->
<!-- %%FAQ_JSONLD%% -->
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    <script>
      // AWG data: size, area mm2, circular mils, resistance ohm/km (copper at 20°C)
      const awgTable = [
        { awg: "0000", mm2: 107.2, cmil: 211600, rCu: 0.1608 },
        { awg: "000", mm2: 85.0, cmil: 167800, rCu: 0.2028 },
        { awg: "00", mm2: 67.4, cmil: 133100, rCu: 0.2557 },
        { awg: "0", mm2: 53.5, cmil: 105500, rCu: 0.3224 },
        { awg: "1", mm2: 42.4, cmil: 83690, rCu: 0.4066 },
        { awg: "2", mm2: 33.6, cmil: 66360, rCu: 0.5127 },
        { awg: "3", mm2: 26.7, cmil: 52620, rCu: 0.6465 },
        { awg: "4", mm2: 21.1, cmil: 41740, rCu: 0.8152 },
        { awg: "5", mm2: 16.8, cmil: 33100, rCu: 1.028 },
        { awg: "6", mm2: 13.3, cmil: 26240, rCu: 1.296 },
        { awg: "7", mm2: 10.5, cmil: 20820, rCu: 1.634 },
        { awg: "8", mm2: 8.37, cmil: 16510, rCu: 2.061 },
        { awg: "9", mm2: 6.63, cmil: 13090, rCu: 2.599 },
        { awg: "10", mm2: 5.26, cmil: 10380, rCu: 3.277 },
        { awg: "11", mm2: 4.17, cmil: 8234, rCu: 4.132 },
        { awg: "12", mm2: 3.31, cmil: 6530, rCu: 5.211 },
        { awg: "13", mm2: 2.62, cmil: 5178, rCu: 6.571 },
        { awg: "14", mm2: 2.08, cmil: 4107, rCu: 8.286 },
        { awg: "15", mm2: 1.65, cmil: 3257, rCu: 10.45 },
        { awg: "16", mm2: 1.31, cmil: 2583, rCu: 13.17 },
        { awg: "17", mm2: 1.04, cmil: 2048, rCu: 16.61 },
        { awg: "18", mm2: 0.823, cmil: 1624, rCu: 20.95 },
        { awg: "19", mm2: 0.653, cmil: 1288, rCu: 26.42 },
        { awg: "20", mm2: 0.518, cmil: 1022, rCu: 33.29 },
        { awg: "21", mm2: 0.41, cmil: 810.1, rCu: 42.0 },
        { awg: "22", mm2: 0.326, cmil: 642.4, rCu: 52.96 },
        { awg: "23", mm2: 0.258, cmil: 509.5, rCu: 66.79 },
        { awg: "24", mm2: 0.205, cmil: 404.0, rCu: 84.22 },
        { awg: "25", mm2: 0.162, cmil: 320.4, rCu: 106.2 },
        { awg: "26", mm2: 0.129, cmil: 254.1, rCu: 133.9 },
        { awg: "27", mm2: 0.102, cmil: 201.5, rCu: 168.9 },
        { awg: "28", mm2: 0.081, cmil: 159.8, rCu: 212.9 },
        { awg: "29", mm2: 0.0642, cmil: 126.7, rCu: 268.5 },
        { awg: "30", mm2: 0.0509, cmil: 100.5, rCu: 338.6 },
        { awg: "31", mm2: 0.0404, cmil: 79.7, rCu: 426.9 },
        { awg: "32", mm2: 0.032, cmil: 63.2, rCu: 538.3 },
        { awg: "33", mm2: 0.0254, cmil: 50.1, rCu: 678.8 },
        { awg: "34", mm2: 0.0201, cmil: 39.8, rCu: 856.0 },
        { awg: "35", mm2: 0.016, cmil: 31.6, rCu: 1079 },
        { awg: "36", mm2: 0.0127, cmil: 25.1, rCu: 1361 },
        { awg: "37", mm2: 0.01, cmil: 19.9, rCu: 1716 },
        { awg: "38", mm2: 0.00797, cmil: 15.8, rCu: 2163 },
        { awg: "39", mm2: 0.00632, cmil: 12.5, rCu: 2728 },
        { awg: "40", mm2: 0.00501, cmil: 9.91, rCu: 3441 },
      ];

      function initAwgSelects() {
        const awgSelect = document.getElementById("awgSelect");
        const vdAwg = document.getElementById("vdAwg");
        const wrAwg = document.getElementById("wrAwg");
        awgTable.forEach((row) => {
          ["awgSelect", "vdAwg", "wrAwg"].forEach((id) => {
            const sel = document.getElementById(id);
            const opt = document.createElement("option");
            opt.value = row.awg;
            opt.textContent = row.awg;
            sel.appendChild(opt);
          });
        });
        awgSelect.value = "12";
        vdAwg.value = "12";
        wrAwg.value = "12";
      }

      function getAwgRow(awg) {
        return awgTable.find((r) => r.awg === awg);
      }

      function updateAwgOutputs() {
        const awg = document.getElementById("awgSelect").value;
        const material = document.getElementById("materialAwg").value;
        const row = getAwgRow(awg);
        if (!row) return;
        const rhoFactor = material === "aluminum" ? 1.6 : 1.0; // approx ratio Al/Cu
        const rPerM = (row.rCu * rhoFactor) / 1000; // ohm/m
        const rPerKft = rPerM * 304.8; // 1000 ft ≈ 304.8 m

        document.getElementById("areaMm2").textContent = row.mm2.toFixed(3);
        document.getElementById("areaCmil").textContent =
          row.cmil.toLocaleString();
        document.getElementById("resPerM").textContent = rPerM.toExponential(3);
        document.getElementById("resPerKft").textContent = rPerKft.toFixed(3);
      }

      function metricToAwg() {
        const val = parseFloat(document.getElementById("metricInput").value);
        if (!isFinite(val) || val <= 0) {
          alert("Please enter a positive metric area in mm².");
          return;
        }
        let best = null;
        let bestDiff = Infinity;
        awgTable.forEach((row) => {
          const diff = Math.abs(row.mm2 - val);
          if (diff < bestDiff) {
            bestDiff = diff;
            best = row;
          }
        });
        if (best) {
          document.getElementById("nearestAwg").textContent = best.awg;
          document.getElementById("awgSelect").value = best.awg;
          updateAwgOutputs();
        }
      }

      // Voltage drop calculations
      function getAreaFromMode(mode, awgVal, mm2Val) {
        if (mode === "awg") {
          const row = getAwgRow(awgVal);
          return row ? row.mm2 : null;
        }
        const v = parseFloat(mm2Val);
        return isFinite(v) && v > 0 ? v : null;
      }

      function calcResistancePerMeter(mm2, material) {
        // base on copper: r = rho / A, rho ≈ 1.724e-8 Ω·m
        const rhoCu = 1.724e-8;
        const rho = material === "aluminum" ? rhoCu * 1.6 : rhoCu;
        const areaM2 = mm2 / 1e6;
        return rho / areaM2;
      }

      function calcVoltageDrop() {
        const system = document.getElementById("vdSystem").value;
        const material = document.getElementById("vdMaterial").value;
        const mode = document.getElementById("vdWireMode").value;
        const awg = document.getElementById("vdAwg").value;
        const mm2 = document.getElementById("vdMm2").value;
        const V = parseFloat(document.getElementById("vdVoltage").value);
        const I = parseFloat(document.getElementById("vdCurrent").value);
        let L = parseFloat(document.getElementById("vdLength").value);
        const Lunit = document.getElementById("vdLengthUnit").value;

        if (
          !isFinite(V) ||
          V <= 0 ||
          !isFinite(I) ||
          I <= 0 ||
          !isFinite(L) ||
          L <= 0
        ) {
          alert(
            "Please enter positive values for voltage, current, and length."
          );
          return;
        }
        if (Lunit === "ft") L *= 0.3048;

        const area = getAreaFromMode(mode, awg, mm2);
        if (!area) {
          alert("Please provide a valid wire size.");
          return;
        }

        const rPerM = calcResistancePerMeter(area, material);
        const loopFactor = system === "dc" ? 2 : 2; // for single-phase, similar round-trip
        const Rloop = rPerM * L * loopFactor;
        const Vdrop = I * Rloop;
        const pct = (Vdrop / V) * 100;
        const Ploss = I * I * Rloop;

        document.getElementById("vdDrop").textContent = Vdrop.toFixed(3);
        document.getElementById("vdDropPct").textContent = pct.toFixed(2);
        document.getElementById("vdLoss").textContent = Ploss.toFixed(1);
      }

      // Power & current
      function calcPowerCurrent() {
        const system = document.getElementById("pcSystem").value;
        let pf = parseFloat(document.getElementById("pcPF").value);
        if (!isFinite(pf) || pf <= 0 || pf > 1) pf = 1;
        if (system === "dc") pf = 1;

        const V = parseFloat(document.getElementById("pcVoltage").value);
        let I = parseFloat(document.getElementById("pcCurrent").value);
        let kW = parseFloat(document.getElementById("pcKW").value);
        let kVA = parseFloat(document.getElementById("pcKVA").value);

        if (!isFinite(V) || V <= 0) {
          alert("Please enter a positive voltage.");
          return;
        }

        const phaseFactor = system === "ac3p" ? Math.sqrt(3) : 1;

        // Determine which variable is given
        if (isFinite(I) && I > 0) {
          const S = (V * I * phaseFactor) / 1000;
          kVA = S;
          kW = S * pf;
        } else if (isFinite(kW) && kW > 0) {
          const S = kW / pf;
          kVA = S;
          I = (S * 1000) / (V * phaseFactor);
        } else if (isFinite(kVA) && kVA > 0) {
          const S = kVA;
          kW = S * pf;
          I = (S * 1000) / (V * phaseFactor);
        } else {
          alert("Enter at least one of current, kW, or kVA.");
          return;
        }

        document.getElementById("pcCurrent").value = I.toFixed(3);
        document.getElementById("pcKW").value = kW.toFixed(3);
        document.getElementById("pcKVA").value = kVA.toFixed(3);
        document.getElementById("pcPF").value = pf.toFixed(2);
      }

      // Wire resistance
      function calcWireResistance() {
        const mode = document.getElementById("wrMode").value;
        const awg = document.getElementById("wrAwg").value;
        const mm2 = document.getElementById("wrMm2").value;
        const material = document.getElementById("wrMaterial").value;
        let L = parseFloat(document.getElementById("wrLength").value);
        const Lunit = document.getElementById("wrLengthUnit").value;

        if (!isFinite(L) || L <= 0) {
          alert("Please enter a positive length.");
          return;
        }
        if (Lunit === "ft") L *= 0.3048;

        const area = getAreaFromMode(mode, awg, mm2);
        if (!area) {
          alert("Please provide a valid wire size.");
          return;
        }

        const rPerM = calcResistancePerMeter(area, material);
        const R = rPerM * L;

        document.getElementById("wrR").textContent = R.toFixed(4);
        document.getElementById("wrRPer").textContent = rPerM.toExponential(3);
      }

      // Tab handling
      function initTabs() {
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        const panels = document.querySelectorAll(".tab-panel");

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          });
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            } else {
              b.classList.remove("tab-active");
            }
          });
        }

        buttons.forEach((btn) => {
          btn.addEventListener("click", () => activateTab(btn.dataset.tab));
        });

        activateTab("awg-metric");
      }

      function initModeToggles() {
        const vdWireMode = document.getElementById("vdWireMode");
        vdWireMode.addEventListener("change", () => {
          const mode = vdWireMode.value;
          document
            .getElementById("vdAwgWrapper")
            .classList.toggle("hidden", mode !== "awg");
          document
            .getElementById("vdMm2Wrapper")
            .classList.toggle("hidden", mode !== "mm2");
        });

        const wrMode = document.getElementById("wrMode");
        wrMode.addEventListener("change", () => {
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          document
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          document
            .getElementById("wrMm2Wrapper")
            .classList.toggle("hidden", mode !== "mm2");
        });
      }

      document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", () => {
        initAwgSelects();
        initTabs();
        initModeToggles();
        updateAwgOutputs();

        document
          .getElementById("awgSelect")
          .addEventListener("change", updateAwgOutputs);
        document
          .getElementById("materialAwg")
          .addEventListener("change", updateAwgOutputs);
        document
          .getElementById("metricToAwgBtn")
          .addEventListener("click", metricToAwg);
        document
          .getElementById("vdCalcBtn")
          .addEventListener("click", calcVoltageDrop);
        document
          .getElementById("pcCalcBtn")
          .addEventListener("click", calcPowerCurrent);
        document
          .getElementById("wrCalcBtn")
          .addEventListener("click", calcWireResistance);
      });

      // Mobile menu
      document
        .getElementById("mobile-menu-toggle")
        .addEventListener("click", function () {
          const menu = document.getElementById("mobile-menu");
          const expanded = this.getAttribute("aria-expanded") === "true";
          this.setAttribute("aria-expanded", String(!expanded));
          menu.classList.toggle("hidden");
        });

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